JFK: Magic Bullet, Fourth Shot And A Pink Dress
Updated: 1:28am UK, Friday 22 November 2013
From the magic bullet theory to the first lady's blood-stained pink dress, we look at some of the crucial findings and iconic moments surrounding John F Kennedy's assassination.
:: OFFICIAL FINDINGS
The Warren Commission, chaired by Chief Justice Earl Warren, concluded after a ten-month inquiry in 1964 that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone. The US House Select Committee on Assassinations found in 1978 that Mr Kennedy "was probably assassinated as a result of a conspiracy", though investigators were unable to identify a second gunman or the extent of the conspiracy.
:: FOURTH SHOT
The Warren Commission said three shots were fired, all from the Texas School Book Depository. But some witnesses reported hearing a shot from the grassy knoll. One witness, Sam Holland, reported seeing a "puff of smoke" from a group of trees on the knoll. However, no physical evidence pointed to another shooter and nobody reported seeing a person with a rifle at the spot. The Select Committee said it was probable that a fourth shot had been fired from the grassy knoll but missed.
:: MAGIC BULLET
This is one of the most controversial theories surrounding the assassination. The Warren Commission asserted that one bullet passed through Mr Kennedy's throat and then struck Texas Governor John Connally's chest and wrist before lodging in his leg. Sceptics believe this trajectory to be improbable and say the bullet should have been more damaged.
:: ABRAHAM ZAPRUDER
A Russian immigrant who, via Brooklyn, had settled in Dallas, Abraham Zapruder was a successful manufacturer of women's clothing. Like many Americans, the 58-year-old was developing a passion for homemade movies and set out to film Mr Kennedy's motorcade with his 8mm camera. His silent, colour film, taken from a pedestal on grassy knoll, lasts 26 seconds and contains 486 frames. It remains the clearest video of the assassination. The original Zapruder film is part of the Kennedy Collection and is in the custody of the Motion Picture Sound and Video staff.
:: AUTOPSY REPORT
Among the facts that have fed conspiracy theories is the charge that the original notes written by one of the two Navy pathologists who performed the autopsy had disappeared. The pathologist, Dr James J Humes, explained that he burned his original set of notes because they were stained with Mr Kennedy's blood and wanted to prevent them from becoming a macabre collector's item. In a 1992 interview with the Journal of the American Medical Association, he said he had burned them in his fireplace "after I had copied verbatim in my own handwriting the entire contents".
:: QUESTIONING THE FIRST LADY
Justice Warren, who was close to the Kennedys, resisted interviewing Jacqueline Kennedy to protect her from further distress. Bowing to pressure from other commission members, he agreed to the interview, but he did so without informing other relevant members of the commission and for just a few minutes, according to a new book called A Cruel And Shocking Act by Philip Shenon.
:: THE PINK DRESS
Mrs Kennedy's pink dress, a Chanel-like ensemble with navy lapels complete with pink pillbox hat, has become a symbol of both her glamour and of the assassination day's violence. Mrs Kennedy insisted on wearing the suit, stained by her husband's blood, during Lyndon Johnson's swearing-in and on the flight back to Washington. According to William Manchester's book the Death Of A President, to aides urging her to clean up, she responded: "No, let them see what they've done." Now the dress, still stained, is preserved in a vault of the National Archives, out of view according to restrictions imposed by the Kennedy family. The hat is believed to have been lost in the day's confusion.
:: FUNERAL
Three days after the assassination, the US stopped to bid farewell to the murdered president. The state funeral on November 25, 1963, in Washington drew hundreds of foreign dignitaries. Only 50,300,000 American households had televisions in 1963, and it was estimated that 41,553,000 sets were tuned into the funeral. The ceremony included a touching moment that went on to become one of the iconic images of US history: The president's son, John F Kennedy Jr, saluting his father's casket near St Matthew's Cathedral after the funeral mass in Washington. The president was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.
:: JIM GARRISON
New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison announced in 1967 that he had "solved the assassination", accusing anti-Communist and anti-Castro extremists in the CIA. In 1969, he brought to trial New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw on charges of conspiring to assassinate Mr Kennedy with the help of Lee Harvey Oswald and others. A jury took less than an hour to find Mr Shaw not guilty in a trial many saw as a farce. To date, Mr Shaw is the only man to have been prosecuted for the Kennedy assassination.
:: POPULAR CULTURE
Fifty years after the assassination, a majority of Americans believe Mr Kennedy was the victim of a conspiracy - 61 % according to a Gallup poll this month. Numerous books and movies have been made on the Kennedy assassination, many espousing conspiracy theories. In 1991, Oliver Stone's JFK - largely based on Mr Garrison's views - rekindled interest in the conspiracy theories and led to the declassification of thousands of relevant documents. In 2001, the miniseries The Kennedys, starring Greg Kinnear as the president and Katie Holmes as the first lady, chronicled the life of the family.
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